Abstract
The healing from any ailment entails the comprehensive management of the individual’s bio-psycho-socio-spiritual context. The effect of psychological domains on one’s physical health indicate the scope of study of consciousness. Scientific psychological research findings along with the prevailing ancient traditions (religion, philosophy, culture) of India, have given a green signal to the major role of consciousness in one’s well being. The present study aims to analyze the scope of psychosomatic healing with the perspective of Jain philosophy, which covers a vast multifold understanding of consciousness with the word ‘chetana’. Early canonical literature like Tattvarthsutra, Sarvarthasiddhi , Pravachansaar, Raajvaartik of Jain Philosophy have described 6 stages of Consciousness and 2 dimensions for its manifestation where cognition is a primary manifestation of the consciousness. It was seen that an absolute neutrality of all components of cognition and consciousness such as emotion, thought, comprehension, apprehension, feeling, perception, experience, etc. when measured and quantified as an absolute zero, reached the state of consciousness homeostasis; wherein a balanced level of consciousness leads to a balanced psychological state. The study presented a model of information processing of consciousness, as described in Jain philosophy for achieving consciousness homeostasis for psychotherapy, providing us ancient and novel principles for psychotherapeutics, and paving a way for an application-based consciousness theory that is transferable to a clinical setup in the dynamics of therapy.
References
Gendle MH. The problem of dualism in modern western medicine. Mens sana monographs. 2016 Jan;14(1):141. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1229.193074
Tamm ME. Models of health and disease. British Journal of Medical Psychology. 1993 Sep;66(3):213-28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1993.tb01745.x
Seldin and Jennings D. The confusion between disease and illness in clinical medicine. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal. 1986 Oct 10;135(8):865.
Melzack R, Wall PD. Psychophysiology of pain. International Anesthesiology Clinics. 1970 Apr 1;8(1):3-4. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004311-197000810-00003
Vanhaudenhuyse A, Noirhomme Q, Tshibanda LJ, Bruno MA, Boveroux P, Schnakers C, Soddu A, Perlbarg V, Ledoux D, Brichant JF, Moonen G. Default network connectivity reflects the level of consciousness in non-communicative brain-damaged patients. Brain. 2010 Jan 1;133(1):161-71. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awp313
Cannon WB. The effect of the emotions on digestion. Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage: An Account of Recent Researches into the Function of Emotional Excitement n.d.:1–21. https://doi.org/10.1037/10013-001.
Byrd RC. Positive therapeutic effects of intercessory prayer in a coronary care unit population. Circulation. 1984 Jan 1;70:212.
Anand KS, Sagar RS. Neuropsychiatric and psychological aspects related to human immuno deficincy virus (HIV) infection. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 1992 Apr;34(2):114.
Oka T. Psychogenic fever: how psychological stress affects body temperature in the clinical population. Temperature 2015;2:368–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2015.1056907.
Jain, M. Application of Consciousness Threshold in Therapy [Special Issue]. Indian Journal of Psychology. 2019:141-148. ISSN-0019-5553
Friedman HS, Booth-Kewley S. Personality, Type A behavior, and coronary heart disease: The role of emotional expression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1987;53:783–92. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.53.4.783.
Stone AA, Cox DS, Valdimarsdottir H, Jandorf L, Neale JM. Evidence that secretory IgA antibody is associated with daily mood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1987;52:988–93. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.5.988.
Rogers CR. Some new challenges. American Psychologist 1973;28:379–87. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034621.
Schrödinger E. What is life?: With mind and matter and autobiographical sketches. Cambridge University Press; 1992 Jan 31. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139644129
Shanta BN. Life and consciousness – The Vedāntic view. Communicative and Integrative Biology 2015;8:e1085138. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420889.2015.1085138.
Shanta BN. Life and consciousness – The Vedāntic view. Communicative and Integrative Biology 2015;8:e1085138. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420889.2015.1085138.
Kachhara NL. Cognitions and Consciousness: Jainism and Contemporary Views. Article 30. [Accessed on June 5, 2022], Available from : https://www.spiritualsciencesg.com/book-article/nl30.pdf
Jain Vijay K (Editor). Acharya Umaswami: Tattvarth Sutra, 5th century CE. First edition, Published by Vira Sasana Sangha, 29 Indra Biswas Road, Calcutta-37, 1960.
Jain Vijay K (Editor). Acharya Nemichandra: Dravya Sangraha. 10th century. Vikalp Printers, Dehradun, 2013. ISBN: 81-903639-5-6.
Rosenthal DM. Explaining consciousness. Philosophy of mind: Classical and contemporary readings. 2002;46:109-31.
Laureys S. Death, unconsciousness and the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 2005;6:899–909. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1789.
Crick F, Koch C. A framework for consciousness. Nat Neurosci 2003;6:119–26. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn0203-119.
Husserl E. The essential Husserl: Basic writings in transcendental phenomenology. Indiana University Press; 1999.
Bluemel CS. Mental aspects of stammering. First edition, the williams and wilkins company, 1930; January 1
Prof. Veer Sagar Jain. Personal communication. October 2018.
Anand R (2017, March, 23). Connection between Emotions and Diseases-Psychosomatic Disorders [Blog Post]. Retrieved from https://www.practo.com/healthfeed/the-connection-between-emotions-diseases-psychosomatic-disorders-27379/post
Barušs I, Mossbridge J. Transcendent mind: Rethinking the science of consciousness. American Psychological Association; 2017. https://doi.org/10.1037/15957-000.
S. UP, Upadhye AN. Svāmi-Kārtikeyānuprekṣā. Journal of the American Oriental Society 1962;82:281. https://doi.org/10.2307/597967.
Matthews L, Litwack L. Cognitive restructuring. Psychological interventions: A guide to strategies. 1995:37-53.
Nevid JS. Kant, cognitive psychotherapy, and the hardening of the categories. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 2007;80:605–15. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608307x204189.
Linehan MM, Lynch TR, Chapman AL, Rosenthal MZ, Kuo JR . Mechanisms of change in dialectical behavior therapy: Theoretical and empirical observations. J Clin Psychol 2006;62:459–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20243.
Gifford EV, Strosahl KD, Hayes SC, Wilson KG. An ACT Primer. A Practical Guide to Acceptance and Commitment Therapy 2004:31–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-23369-7_2.
Csikszentmihalyi M, Csikzentmihaly M. Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper and Row; 1990 Mar.
Jung CG. Psychology and Alchemy. Routledge; 2014. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315725369.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.